Development of Rural Economy Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Development of Rural Economy - Thesis Example Economic growth is believed to be evenly distributed when it helps both the rural and urban areas of a country. In this, the economy of USA is taken as model for development that could be used by Australia and Iraq to develop their rural side. It is believed that although Australia and Iraq are among the richest nations of the world but they have failed to develop their rural areas and there is large disparity of income and standard of living between people of rural and urban areas. The paper does not only talk about economic issues related to the lack of growth of rural areas in the countries mentioned above but also talks about the social issues and social changes that are needed to be imposed by the governments of respective nations in their search of achieving balanced economic growth. This paper has also suggested a new theory of rural vs. urban trade-off to explain how investment could result in growing both the rural and urban areas of any economy. Economic growth is a field of Development Economics that shows the growth in GDP or annual out of a economy over a period of time which is usually taken as a year. An economy is said to be growing if the output in the current year is greater than the previous year. For example, if the GDP in current is $120, whereas in the previous year it was $100, then one can safely that the economy is growing by 20%. Economists usually prefer diffused growth in the economy rather regional growth. The reason behind this is that region growth leads to disparity between different region of a country and can lead to urbanization and problems that coincide with it. Economic growth is usually brought about by following factors or by the following conditions: Output is growing: This implies that output in the current year should be greater than the output produced in the previous year. Output should be greater than inflation and population growth: Some times price increases also tend to move up the value of output. However, any value increase of GDP due to inflation is not considered as an economic growth of a country. Economic growth occurs when there is physical increase in the quantity of goods and this increase should also be greater than increase in population growth for an economy to grow. United States of America meets these conditions better than Iraq and Australia and that is why American economy has grown so much relative to these economies. Labor Productivity increases: If Labor productivity increase, they will be able to produce more output in the given production hours. This will result in economic growth of an economy and the United States of America is a prime example of this. Investment in Capital Goods: More capital means that the economy

Engineering Materials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Engineering Materials - Coursework Example In addition, glass is very similar to a slowly moving liquid so that old pieces of glass seem thicker at the bottom than at the top. In order to increase the tensile strength of the glass, the molecules must keep very strong hold with one another. Surface finishing and ion-exchange are two chemical processes that are applied to strengthen glass materials (Chemically strengthened glass, 2011). Q3. The Giffith’s theory reflects the relationship between crack length at fracture and applied nominal stress. It is a comprehensive equation that can be effectively employed for engineering purposes. Giffith’s theory says that steel is a safer engineering material than glass. It is experimentally proved that the stress required to fracture a glass is nearly 100 MPa. It indicates that comparatively a smaller stress is enough to fracture a glass and therefore, this material is not advisable for engineering purposes. In contrast, since a higher stress is required to fracture a steel material, it can strengthen buildings and other engineering constructions (Simple Stress). In short, steel is a very stronger material as compared to glass substances. Civil engineers would suggest stronger and durable components for their projects since they are built for a long time.Q4. A metal or any other structural material will undergo a change in its shape when a sufficient load is applied to it and this change in shape is called deformation. Elastic deformation is a process by which a temporary shape change. takes place and the material comes to its original shape when the applied force is removed. Plastic deformation will be uniform between the elastic limit and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). It means uniform plastic deformation is applicable only between certain limits and it will be non-uniform once the UTS is exceeded. It is assumed that the interface between a larger hole and a smaller hole has a direct impact on local plastic deformation. The interconnection between the â€Å"array angle of larger holes and the development of the shear band† can greatly influence local plastic deformation (SAO/ NASA ADS physics abstract service). Q5. â€Å"Rubber elasticity involves flexible molecular chains which need to be interconnected to prevent gliding.† (Francois, Pineau, and Zaoui, 1998, p.67). Rubber elasticity necessitates a high temperature in order to ensure the adequate mobility of the molecular chains. Rubber elasticity’s entropic nature can be attributed to the large number of possible configurations for the molecular chains. As discussed earlier, rubber elasticity requires high temperature and it promotes mobility of molecular chains. This feature is one the main causes for rubber elasticity to low swiftness and high tension. Q6. The combination of thermosetting resin and glass fibers produces composite materials which are tough even though both the primary elements are brittle. It is necessary to note that transfer of stre ss between reinforcing fibers and acting as a glue to hold the fibers together are