Friday, December 27, 2019

Essay on Graves Disease - 1625 Words

Graves Disease The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825. However Graves disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves disease is also known as Parrys disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedows disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over activity of the thyroid gland). The disorder has three major manifestations: Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter Ophthalmopathy and Dermopathy The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover,†¦show more content†¦TSH not only stimulates the thyroid gland to churn out more hormones. If in excess, can cause overwhelming cell growth and division to result in goiter. Most T3 and T4 released into the bloodstream are bound to proteins. Only the free component is biologically active and it is this component which decides the manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. The hormones exert their effects mainly by binding to nuclear receptors in cells to affect expression of genes. In the presence of excess T3 and T4, an increase in number as well as affinity of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart is noted. These receptors facilitate the action of fight, flight and fright hormones ( epinephrine, norepinephrine) which are positively chronotropic ( beat faster) and inotropic ( pump harder) to the heart. This may then lead to cardiac failure in older patients. In fact, mild hyperthyroidism may produce severe disability in patients with underlying heart disease. Hence, all patients with unexplained cardiac failure or atrial arrhythmias should be examined for thyrotoxicosis. Hyperthyroidism also increases the basal metabolic rate, heat production and oxygen consumption (calorigenic action) of many tissues. Body temperature increases slightly and the patient experiences intolerance to heat. Flushing and sweating are just compensatoryShow MoreRelated Graves Disease Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesGraves’ disease was named after Robert J. Graves, MD, around the 1830’s. It is an autoimmune disease indicated by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies, which is an antibody that attacks the person’s own body. The immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which causes it to produce too much thyroxine. Thyroxine is a hormone that helps control growth and also regulates metabolism in the body. While the thyroxine levels are high the patient’s metabolic rate increases, which can have an effectRead MoreGraves Disease772 Words   |  4 PagesGraves Disease The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease. This is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid gland and triggers the release of high levels of thyroid hormones. One of the hallmarks of Graves disease is a visible and uncomfortable swelling behind the eyes. Graves Disease Graves disease, which is caused by a generalized overactivity of the thyroid gland, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the thyroid gland usually is renegadeRead MoreCase Study of Graves Disease Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction The case study selected focused on Grave’s disease an autoimmune disorder involving over production of thyroid hormones triidiothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In the United States it is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. The over taxed organ then becomes enlarged (goiter). This case study report will discuss the clinical progression and presentation of this disease, define and describe what an autoimmune disorder is, outline what clinical testing is performed for proper diagnosisRead MoreHyperthyroidism: Graves Disease and Thyroid Hormone Level977 Words   |  4 Pagesthe causes of hyperthyroidism? Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged and patients usually complain of eye discomfort or, in extreme cases, bulging eyes. This is most commonly seen among young females and affects multiple family members. A toxic nodule is a single nodule or lump in the thyroid gland that over-produces hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. Unlike Graves disease, this is not familial. It is alsoRead MoreGrave Disease : An Autoimmune Disease1096 Words   |  5 Pages Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease in which the over activity of the thyroid gland causes the overproduction of the thyroid hormone. This disease was described by Robert J. Graves a doctor from Ireland and is also known as Basedow’s disease. Even though there are several disorders that may result in hypothyroidism, grave disease is one of the most common type of hypothyroidism that occurs in 1 percent of U. S population (Anderson 2010). Furthermore, Grave disease is a disease that canRead MoreAn Autoimmune Disorder That Directly Affects The Thyroid Gland1539 Words   |  7 PagesGraves’ Disease is identified as an autoimmune disorder that directly affects the thyroid gland. Characterized as the most common ca use of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ Disease encompasses an overactive, enlarged thyroid gland, which produces an excess of thyroid hormones [1]. Approximately 3% of the United States population is affected by Graves’ Disease and 60-80% of patients affected with Graves’ disease are diagnosed with hyperthyroidism [2]. The approximate female to male ratio is 5/1, with majorityRead MoreThe Thyroid Gland1243 Words   |  5 PagesHYPERTHYROIDISM- GRAVES’ DISEASE The thyroid gland is very important in proper functioning of the human body. The hormones it releases are vital in regulating growth and metabolic reaction. The thyroid gland is relatively small (about 20g) and is located at the base of the neck, connected to the windpipe and voicebox. Its structure may be described as ‘butterfly-shaped’ as it is composed of two connected lobes. See image: The two main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are tetraiodothyronineRead MoreHashimotos Vs. Graves Disease762 Words   |  4 PagesHashimoto’s Disease vs. Graves Disease Anna Grochowski Salter College Anatomy and Physiology II September 18, 2013 Dr. P. Wong Hashimotos disease can also be called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis. An autoimmune disease happens when the bodys immune system attacks its own cells and organs instead of its normal job of protecting the body from infection. Hashimotos disease specifically attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammationRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Autoimmune Diseases834 Words   |  4 Pagesautoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are caused by auto-antibodies, according to auto-antibodies can be divided into: organ-specific, which affects one organ; non-organ specific, which are a multisystem disease. 2.1. Organ-specific 2.1.1. Autoimmune thyroid diseases They are a common cause of thyroid disorders and it is caused by auto-antibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH), intracytoplasmic antigen or thyroglobulin. 2.1.1.1.Grave s disease Grave s disease is the mostRead MoreThe Human Body Of The Thyroid Gland1254 Words   |  6 Pagesthis case will be on overactive thyroid glands and on the specific case of Graves’ disease. Hyperthyroidism is a term used to describe an overactive thyroid gland. This is usually prevented by the process mentioned above, however there are some factors that can cause hyperthyroidism. One of these factors is Graves’ disease. In Graves’ disease, a response in the body’s immune system (the system which defends against disease) causes the antibody thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) to be produced

Thursday, December 19, 2019

What’s Written Versus Reality Ethical Dilemmas In A...

Amid the scandals caused by lack of honest and open communication are the ethical blunders of public relations firms themselves. There is a considerable body of evidence emerging to suggest that modern public relations support trends of unethical practices such as lying, falsifying documents, and even espionage. Current research shows that there can be no ethical public relations because the practice itself is known for its manipulation and propaganda. Public Relations, Inc. (PRI) a disguised U.S medium-to-large PR consulting firm is a perfect example of an organization faced with ethical dilemmas (Weiss, 2006). Clearly, there are many ethical dilemmas facing PRI employees and although it seems easy for the reader to say she would do†¦show more content†¦As a PR professional the contract says that she is not required to check the accuracy of the information provided by the client (Weiss, 2006). But in the best interest of her firm as well as the client, specifics should al ways be verified before being published or released to the press. Even if it meant losing press opportunities, upsetting the client, or receiving threats to be fired. The reader would not do anything that would risk her credibility by assuming that the client will appreciate that kind of information and back her up if something goes wrong. Most importantly, if faced with an ethical dilemma concerning employee poaching, the reader would use common sense and think things through clearly before making a decision that she could later regret. The reader believes that she would not let self-interest get in the way and allow it to cloud her judgment. Plus, a client who is willing to solicit and hire PRI employees against the rules of their client contract is not concerned with developing strong relationships with their clients or their employees (Weiss, 2006). So, in the long run it probably will not be in her best interest to involve herself in such dealings. Moreover, the other three dilemmas are clearly wrong and illegal and the readerShow MoreRelatedDefine the Manager Terrain28443 Words   |  114 PagesThe changing global environment The legal-political and economic environments The cultural environment Summary 20 20 20 24 25 28 Social responsibility and managerial ethics What is social responsibility? Managerial ethics Toward improving ethical behaviour Business ethics in Hong Kong and other countries Summary 30 31 34 40 43 48 The decision-making process and limits to rationality The decision-making process The rational decision maker Limits to rationality Bounded rationality TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesprior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products areRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any mea ns, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be availableRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesa retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission shouldRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesTakes Off Insight on Technology: Battle of the Titans: Music in the Cloud Case Study: Pandora and the Freemium Business Model CHAPTER 3 E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE: THE INTERNET, WEB, AND MOBILE PLATFORM Opening Case: Google Glass: Augment My Reality Insight on Society: Government Surveillance and Regulation of the Internet Insight on Technology: Is HTML5 Ready for Prime Time? 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Requests to the Publisher for permission shouldRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizationsRead MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 Pagesdomestic and international HRM differ. objective Reconcile the difficulties of home- and host-country performance appraisals. objective Discuss the staffing process for individuals working internationally. objective Explain how labor relations differ around the world. PART 6 Expanding Human Resources Management Horizons 639 Managing Human Resources, 14e, Bohlander/Snell -  © 2007 Thomson South-Western 640 PART 6 Expanding Human Resources Management Horizons W Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesfind this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set theRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesdemand. Only then wil l the world enjoy energy peace-of-mind. Succeeding in securing energy for everyone doe sn’t have to come at the exp ens start to think differently e of anyone. Once we all about energy, then we can truly make this promise a reality. $15 hips over ket. ners part r sting Inve gy to ma ough †¢ y thr ener s nerg llion able ing e f mi elop ntries. Dev cou ds o d renew †¢ ndre an in 26 g hu rnative ply. y i tt i n nerg mm y to alte rsify sup y wn e †¢ Co uall e ur o fficienc n o div

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Language And Literacy For Early Childhood †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Language And Literacy For Early Childhood. Answer: Introduction Language is the basic and primary form of communication method in human civilisation (Whitebread Coltman, 2015). Language has developed since the early prehistoric ages, as man understood the need of an advanced communication method to remain in the competition for survival (Barrett, 2016). Language is imbibed in the human being since his or her birth. The first acquisition of language occurs in the very early age when the parents start speaking to the child in the native language or primary language. The native or the primary language is also known as the L1. The child as he progresses towards his age where he starts speaking well in the L1 or the mother tongue as it is called, there is endeavour from the parents to send him or her to school and learn more number of languages (Wang, 2014). The second language that a person learns after acquiring the first language, is also known as the L2 or the secondary language (Saville-Troike Barto, 2016). There are different views and theories about the language acquisition and learning. The behaviourist view states that it is a mechanical process to learn and imbibe languages, which can be proved by the Skinner box experiment where a rat is trained to mechanically press a bar in stimulus to a light, the pressing makes way for food to drop in (Skinner, 1990). The children similarly learn the process of crying and hence getting food, or uttering a particular word and getting desired results. The Nativist theory on the other hand suggests that a child from the very beginning of is development of cognition a child has the inbuilt ability to understand the laws of the language and start acquiring it (Saxton, 2017). The Cognitivist view states that the child goes through several stages to learn a language but there is a difference of acquiring capability among different individuals. In this essay there will be a detailed literature review about the importance of development of language in literature in early childhood, and an interview with an experienced teacher about the same topic, which will throw light on different aspects including reading activities in classroom, methods used to train students and the strategies. Discussion The literature review of different related journals, articles and researches leads to clear comprehension and understanding of the subject. In the article Language development in the early school years: The importance of close relationships with teachers the authors have pointed out that an emotional bond between the teacher and the students is necessary for an effective development of language skills among the students (Spilt, Koomen, Harrison, 2015). The students who receive an emotional support tend to reciprocate by learning quicker and in a better way. It is a fact that students who feel like home in their schools are much more interested in going to the schools and participating in learning activities. The students who feel secluded would naturally develop low interests in learning. In the article Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development the authors point out how learning is most effective in the early adolescence as this is the most crucial stage in the growth of brain, and the cognitive abilities of the children increase considerably (Fuhrmann, Knoll Blakemore, 2015). The brains activity of acquiring new knowledge and making oneself compatible with the acquired knowledge starts from the very childhood, hence it is advisable for the parents and the teachers to imbibe language training into the children at an early age. Rodrguez (2017) in his article Perception of Pragmalinguistic Knowledge in Primary Spanish Teacher Training Students of English as a Foreign Language has stated what is the role of reading activity in acquiring a second language. Literacy not only comprises of the native language of the person, but the other languages that a person learns consecutively. Second language plays a very important role in a persons literacy because the second language is acquired with a purpose of using it in the professional field. It is analysed that how the pronunciation of the first language or the mother tongue has an effect on the acquiring and speaking of the second language. The English teachers in the schools of Spain, both primary and secondary, mostly gives importance on grammatical aspects of the language, but it is seen how spoken aspects are equally important. In the article Reading comprehension strategies in secondary content area classrooms: Teacher use of and attitudes towards reading comprehension instruction the author has pointed out how frequency of reading activities and comprehension instruction in the classrooms boost students cognition, the study has been done in social study and science classes (Ness, 2016). It is seen that teachers often complain about how too much pressure of completing the academic syllabuses makes it difficult for them to take up reading activities within the class rooms. The research revealed how reading activities are helpful in developing comprehensive literary understanding among the students. Literacy is the basic ability to read and understand written materials, and comprehensive reading activities help in boosting the students ability to understand written material. The article Exploring the relationship between adolescents reading skills, reading motivation and reading habits by authors McGeown et al., (2015), has shown how the adolescents reading practices and choice of reading affect their literary position. Literacy is as mentioned above the ability to comprehend written materials or reproduce them. The choice of reading naturally affects the perception of literature in the childs brain which then shapes the literary standing of the child. The motivation a child has about reading is also helpful in the process of developing the speed and eloquence of reading. The authors state that the adolescents reading skills play a crucial role in their educational success. An interview was conducted with a teacher of a preschool. The transcript evidence of the interview is as follows. QuestionWhat is the perception and opinion of the teachers about the importance of reading among the children in developing their literary skills? Answer of the TeacherIt is very important for the students of very younger age group to imbibe interest for reading activities as it develops the overall literary cognition among the students. Reading makes concepts clear and improves understanding while developing eloquence. QuestionWhat are types of reading activities that are taken up in the classrooms? Answer of the TeacherThe lessons which are taught to the student are verbally told them in the beginning to give them a clear understanding about the topic. The students are then required to read parts of the lessons loudly while others listen. Then a general discussion on the topic is conducted and the understanding of the students are reflected in that group discussion. Apart from that there are classes dedicated to spoken and oral aspects of language. In these classes there are brainstorming activities and extempore speeches where students are required to think and speak about random topics. Images which are of abstract nature are shown to them about which they are required to speak creatively using their emotions. Sometimes a paragraph is given to them for reading randomly then they are required to explain the same in their own language. QuestionWhat is the method of assessment used to evaluate the students in the classrooms? Answer of the TeacherThere are two separate systems of assessment followed in the classrooms. One assessment method is dedicated to the academic activity of the students and their performance in the term examinations. The other assessment takes into consideration the overall growth of the student and includes his or her development in cognition, literary understanding, and reading skills. This is done by keeping each and every student under close monitoring throughout the academic year and understanding their requirements closely. The second assessment is case sensitive and is customised according to the need of the individual student. QuestionWhat is the effect of the reading activities in language development and literacy among young students? Answer of the teacherHuman beings from the birth develops affinity towards orally transmitting their message. Oral development of communication happens first after which further development in written communication is achieved. Written communication gives rise to the ability to read and comprehend textual information which is basic criterion for learning anything and everything on earth. Therefore, it is natural that more reading activities in the class room will be helpful in developing language and literacy among the students. Students and children learn language by the influence of the people around them, including their parents, teachers, and friends. The methods followed in the class inclusive interactive processes like discussion, opinion sharing and question answers which proves to be very effective in understanding and learning of languages. Based on the above interview with the teacher the following report is developed which comprises of the list of various reading activities in the classroom and their analysis and evaluation based on their impact on the development of literacy among children. The list of the types of reading activities in the classroom The reading activities in the classroom as told by the teacher during the interview comprises of five activities which are reading of paragraphs loudly to the class, group discussion after reading parts of the paragraphs, reading a random paragraph and explaining its meaning, extempore speeches after reading a topic, and looking at images and then using creative power to explain them. Two of the mentioned reading activities incorporated into learning activity Two activities from the above list of five activities are taken which are reading of paragraphs from the textbooks loudly to the class, and reading a random paragraph which is of complex nature and explaining them in their own words. The first activity of reading out loudly from textbooks towards the class is a basic reading activity that is followed for a long time in schools throughout the world (Lange Merveldt, 2017). The students develop the mental preparation that they have to read properly so that their image in the class remains superior. In order to achieve this, they give maximum attention in reading the texts properly in minute details and even the punctuations are read by them properly. When the students understand that they have to participate in this activity often, they practice reading at their home to sharpen their skills. This is very effective in developing reading enthusiasm among the students. More reading automatically develops the cognitive ability to comprehend complex sentences. The students become better at understanding written material even if these are complex. This is the main reason behind adopting this process of imparting reading practice among the students. The main purpose is to increase interest among the student in reading and hence help in development of literacy among them. Regular reading practice increases proficiency and helps in developing the intricate understanding of the complexities of the relationship between reading and writing. The next activity is the reading of random paragraphs from known or unknown sources which are of complex nature if judged in comparison to the age group of the children and then letting them explain the paragraphs in their own language. This activity is very helpful in developing the skills of text analysis among the children. The comprehensive process of reading a particular text, then comprehending its various aspects and explaining the complexities in their own words using their creative abilities, helps the student in the overall development of literary capabilities. The first activity of reading out loud in class rooms develop the eloquence of the students on one hand, on the other hand the reading and explaining of paragraphs helps in improving their creative thought process. Both of these activities combine to develop literary abilities of the student on an overall basis. The main purpose behind the second reading activity in classroom is to increase creative capabilities of t he students. Explanation of assessment method The teacher in the interview explained two of the assessment methods that are used to evaluate the students. The first one is the regular method of assessing and evaluating the students according to their performance in the exams. There are term exams that is conducted every month to evaluate the understanding of the students of their subjects. Apart from that there is a separate assessment method of assessing the overall literary growth of the students. Special importance is given on language acquisition and expertise of oral and written skills of languages used. Language is the basic tool for understanding all the other subjects. The students will be having their skills of reading, writing and understanding assessed by overall monitoring of their performances in the class throughout the month. This performance will be then categorised in the assessment evaluation sheets which will be reflecting the students overall status of their literary efficiency. The explanation behind the usa ge of two separate assessment systems is that the academic performance of the student is different from the imbibed literary understanding of the same student. A student who is well versed academically may not be equally proficient in literature or language and vice versa (Wortham Hardin, 2015). Exams can be given just by mugging up textbook information. However, proficiency in literature requires much more than that. It requires understanding ability of the student. Effectiveness of the above teaching and assessment process The effectiveness of the teaching process can be understood by the enhanced performance of the students. It has been empirically seen that after the introduction of the new process of evaluation and added teaching methods like extempore speeches, group discussion, and explanation of random paragraphs the students have developed better abilities to analyse textual information and explain them creatively. The students show more enthusiasm in engaging in reading activities at home because they know they have to come back to the school and read in front of the whole class. They want to read better than their peer group and hence they give complete attention in reading the text properly. Regular reading increases fluency and also comprehension. The double assessment method has given a clear reflection of all the perspectives of the students including their studies, academic performance and their literary status. Language development is the key signifier of literary ability of a person. The assessment system has categories which reflect the reading ability, the speaking ability, the understanding ability, the explanation ability and the overall literary ability of the person. The student themselves understand what are they lacking from the assessment, their teachers and parents understand the needs as well and act in the direction of improving the child towards better reading skills. Possible remediation and improvements The present system of reading activity in the classrooms has helped in improving the language learning abilities of the student to a large extent. However, there can be other possible activities that might improve the students reading and instil more interest of reading in them. The children must be taken to book-fairs and big book stores to make them interested to the idea of purchasing more books and reading them (Clawson, 2015). In the classrooms there can be audio visual sessions where texts with background music may be played on the screen where the students would be reading these loudly along with the music (Awasthi, 2014). These will be fun activities that engage the student and also increase the reading activities among the children. There can be gifts like chocolates or toys for the students who read well and show interest towards voracious reading (Christakis, 2017). Reading is the basic pillar based on which the literary development of the children happens and their langua ge gets better. The evidence of the interview and the interview data has been provided above where the transcription of the interview has been elaborated. The samples of the worksheets and the assessment sheets are as follows. STUDENT ASSESSMENT CARD OF OVERALL PERFORMANCE IN READING AND LANGUAGE Name of the student Batch Class Month Class teacher name Guardian Name Skill name Full marks Marks scored Comments Foundational Skills of Reading Vocabulary Pronunciation Reading Interest Listening Understanding Reproducing skills Explanation OVERALL GRADE RECEIVED STATUS SIGNATURE OF GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF CLASS TEACHER SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL OFFICIAL STAMP Conclusion Human beings are considered to be far more developed than all other species of animals because of their advanced skills of communication. Starting from the prehistoric ages human civilisation has come a long way and today most of the communication mediums are digital and mobile. It all started with the ability to speak different words having different meanings. A child develops the basic knowledge of the primary language, or the mother tongue, from a very early age when the caretakers of the child help him or her in acquiring the language by speaking with the child in that language. Gradually the child is imparted with the knowledge of writing and also the acquiring of second language begins. The activity of reading forms the basis of further literary development. In the above essay a detailed structure of language training is provided with assessment methods that will be helpful for the children in efficiently learning the language. Interactive learning method and participation in g roup activities further develop the interest of reading in the children. References: Awasthi, D. (2014). Utilising Audio Visual Aids to make learning Easy and Effective in Primary Education.Research Scholar, Department of Education, University Lucknow,3(8), 1-2. Barrett, M. (Ed.). (2016).The development of language. Psychology Press. Christakis, E. (2017).The Importance of Being Little: What Young Children Really Need from Grownups. Penguin. Clawson, C. (2015).Effects of Parent Reading Involvement on Student Reading Levels(Doctoral dissertation, Northwest Missouri State University). Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., Blakemore, S. J. (2015). Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development.Trends in cognitive sciences,19(10), 558-566. Lange, S., von Merveldt, N. (2017). Children as Readers In Children's Literature: The Power of Texts And The Importance of Reading ed. by Evelyn Arizpe and Vivienne Smith.Bookbird: A Journal of International Children's Literature,55(1), 63-64. McGeown, S. P., Duncan, L. G., Griffiths, Y. M., Stothard, S. E. (2015). Exploring the relationship between adolescents reading skills, reading motivation and reading habits.Reading and Writing,28(4), 545-569. Ness, M. K. (2016). Reading comprehension strategies in secondary content area classrooms: Teacher use of and attitudes towards reading comprehension instruction.Reading Horizons (Online),55(1), 58. Rodrguez, A. G. (2017). Perception of Pragmalinguistic Knowledge in Primary Spanish Teacher Training Students of English as a Foreign Language.Int J Appl Sci Res Rev,4, 1. Saville-Troike, M., Barto, K. (2016).Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press. Saxton, M. (2017).Child language: Acquisition and development. Sage. Skinner, B. F. (1990).The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. BF Skinner Foundation. Spilt, J. L., Koomen, H. M., Harrison, L. J. (2015). Language development in the early school years: The importance of close relationships with teachers.Developmental psychology,51(2), 185. Wang, Z. (2014). Review of the Influence of L1 in L2 Acquisition.Studies in Literature and Language,9(2), 57. Whitebread, D., Coltman, P. (2015).Teaching and learning in the early years. Routledge. Wortham, S. C., Hardin, B. J. (2015).Assessment in early childhood education. Pearson.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Literacy History free essay sample

As a child everything is happy and joyful, aside from a little trantham here and there, but all around one does not have to stress about much. One could say I was a â€Å"normal† child. I played with my toy horses, went outside, did a few chores here and there, and even had my unhappy moments. However, up until kindergarten, my world revolved around the spanish language. Being born into a traditional mexican home, it was obvious that my first language would be spanish. Even though I consider it a good thing, because being bilingual will help my in my future, throughout my early and recent school years it makes both worlds more complicated. Throughout my first years in headstart and kindergarten I was more fluent in signs and symbols than english. I struggled day by day, as if it was me vs the whole world fighting to get through. I still remember how my hands where my mouth, and how my teachers looked at me with a blank stare trying to understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This infuriated me because I was not a â€Å"special kid† but it seemed as if everyone around me thought I was. Like how homeless people are â€Å"lazy people who just dont want to work† or how black males are considered to be more likely to become criminal. All these false assumptions are examples of how it felt to be a kid without a tongue. With the help of time, and english classes from kindergarten to second grade, I was able to become fluent in the language of my new world. Reading on the other hand came a million times more easily to me because I never really read much in spanish; so when it came to reading in english it was fairly new to me. I adored reading, mostly due to the pictures in the books. However, as I grew and books became picture and colors, I still enjoyed reading for hours. This is one of the reasons that I think I was able to exceed some of my fellow students and now I am in a more challenging english class. Then there is writing, where I had bits and pieces from both ends. At a young age my mother would write down phrases, in spanish, for me to copy and write down. Later she would say something asd ask me to write it down. For example one would be â€Å" El nino corre en el campo† (the boy runs at the field) or â€Å"La vaca come zacate†(the cows eats grass). Therefore, when it came to writing it was a fifty fifty scale. Where I was not the best nor the worst. By the time was was in second and third grade I could write decent enough to get by but it was or has been my strongest area. All around I consider my ability to process to languages, from a young age, a gift rather than a burden because even though it has complicated my life it has also benefited me in many ways. For example I am able to get college for spanish without the tassel of starting from spanish one. As well as in the future having the opportunity to receive a larger salary due to being bilingual. However, I still struggle with some if these problems today, but on a different level. Like I will be writing something in spanish and finnish in english or vice versa. As well as switch, without knowing, languages in the middle of a conservation. Nonetheless what is life without un poco de todo (a little bit of everything).